Chromium Stress in Plants: Toxicity, Tolerance and Phytoremediation

Extensive industrial activities resulted in an increase chromium (Cr) contamination the environment. The toxicity of Cr severely affects plant growth and development. is also recognized as a human carcinogen that enters body via inhalation or by consuming Cr-contaminated food products. Taking consideration enrichment environment its toxic effects, US Environmental Protection Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry listed priority pollutant. In nature, exists various valence states, including Cr(III) Cr(VI). Cr(VI) most persistent form soil. Plants uptake through transporters such phosphate sulfate transporters. exerts effect generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) hampering metabolic physiological pathways. Studies on genetic transcriptional regulation plants have shown detoxification genes get up-regulated confer tolerance under stress. recent years, ability to withstand accumulating inside has been one promising bioremediation methods contaminated region. This review summarized occurrence plants, role stress response, utilized phytoremediation regions.